The rat snake is a popular choice among reptile enthusiasts for its manageable size, docile temperament, and effective pest-control abilities. With its slender body, vibrant markings, and adaptability, the rat snake makes an excellent pet for both beginner and experienced snake owners. In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about keeping a rat snake pet, including the different species, care requirements, feeding habits, and more.

What is a Rat Snake?

A rat snake is a non-venomous snake known for its ability to catch and consume rodents, particularly rats, which is why it gets its name. These snakes are members of the genus Pantherophis and are found primarily in North America, although some species are native to Asia. They are known for their excellent climbing skills and their ability to adapt to a variety of environments, from forests to grasslands.

Rat snakes are typically docile and calm, making them suitable as pets. They come in several different species, each with its own unique features and requirements.

Common Species of Rat Snakes

There are several species of rat snakes that are commonly kept as pets, each with unique characteristics, colors, and behaviors. Here are some of the most popular:

1. Eastern Rat Snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)

• Size: 4-6 feet
• Temperament: Docile, calm, and active
• Lifespan: 10-15 years
• Care Level: Easy to moderate

The Eastern Rat Snake, also known as the black rat snake, is one of the most commonly kept species of rat snakes. They are known for their black or dark gray coloration and long, slender bodies. Eastern rat snakes are excellent climbers and are often found in trees and other high places. They are easy to care for and are a great option for beginner snake owners.

2. Yellow Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus quadrivittatus)

• Size: 4-6 feet
• Temperament: Calm and shy
• Lifespan: 10-15 years
• Care Level: Easy

The Yellow Rat Snake is a subspecies of the Eastern Rat Snake that is native to the southeastern United States. It has a yellow or light greenish body with black markings, making it a visually striking pet. Yellow rat snakes are typically docile, although they may be a bit shy when first introduced to a new environment. They adapt well to captivity and are excellent feeders.

3. Texas Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus lindheimeri)

• Size: 4-5 feet
• Temperament: Active, curious, and occasionally defensive
• Lifespan: 15-20 years
• Care Level: Moderate

The Texas Rat Snake is a medium-sized species that is native to the southwestern United States. They are often characterized by their reddish or light brown coloration with dark markings. Texas rat snakes are slightly more active and defensive compared to other rat snakes, which means they may require a little more patience and experience when it comes to handling.

4. Everglades Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus rossallensis)

• Size: 4-5 feet
• Temperament: Docile and calm
• Lifespan: 10-15 years
• Care Level: Easy

The Everglades Rat Snake is native to southern Florida and is known for its light gray or tan body with distinct black markings. It’s a relatively small species compared to other rat snakes and is typically easy to handle and care for. Like other rat snakes, they thrive in a variety of environments and are adaptable to life in captivity.

Caring for a Rat Snake Pet

Rat snakes are relatively easy to care for, especially when compared to more exotic or high-maintenance snake species. Here’s a breakdown of what you’ll need to provide for your pet rat snake:

1. Enclosure

Rat snakes are active and curious animals that require a spacious enclosure to thrive. A well-designed enclosure ensures your snake stays healthy and happy.

• Size: For a rat snake, a 20-40 gallon enclosure is typically appropriate, depending on the species. Larger species like the Eastern Rat Snake will require larger enclosures.
• Material: The enclosure can be made from glass or plastic, but it should have a secure lid to prevent escapes. Ventilation is crucial, so ensure there are plenty of air holes.
• Security: Rat snakes are excellent escape artists, so ensure that the lid is secure, and there are no gaps through which they could escape.
• Climbing Space: As they are excellent climbers, it’s essential to provide climbing branches, logs, or shelves to keep your snake physically and mentally stimulated.

2. Temperature and Humidity

Rat snakes are native to various climates, so it’s important to replicate the right temperature and humidity in your pet’s enclosure.

• Temperature: Rat snakes thrive in a temperature range of 75°F to 85°F (24°C to 29°C) during the day, with a slight drop to 65°F to 75°F (18°C to 24°C) at night. Provide a heat source such as a heat mat or heat lamp to create a temperature gradient.
• Humidity: Humidity levels should be kept around 40%-60%. Make sure to monitor the humidity with a hygrometer, especially during shedding periods.
• Basking Area: Provide a basking area where your snake can regulate its body temperature. This can be achieved by placing a heat source on one side of the enclosure, creating a gradient from warm to cool.

3. Substrate

The substrate is the material that lines the bottom of the snake’s enclosure. It should be safe, absorbent, and easy to clean.

• Options: Aspen shavings, cypress mulch, or reptile carpet are all good choices. Avoid using sand or cedar shavings, as these can irritate the snake’s respiratory system.
• Cleaning: Spot clean the substrate regularly to keep the enclosure sanitary. Change the substrate completely once a month, or more frequently if necessary.

4. Diet and Feeding

Rat snakes are carnivores and eat a diet primarily composed of small mammals, birds, and reptiles in the wild. In captivity, they should be fed appropriately-sized prey, typically rodents like mice or rats.

• Feeding Frequency: Hatchlings and juvenile rat snakes typically eat once a week, while adult rat snakes may only need to be fed every 10-14 days.
• Pre-killed or Frozen-Thawed Food: It’s safer to feed your rat snake pre-killed or frozen-thawed prey, as live rodents can injure the snake or cause stress. Always ensure the food is the appropriate size for your snake.
• Water: Fresh water should be available to your snake at all times. Keep a shallow dish of water in the enclosure, and change it regularly to keep it clean.

5. Handling and Interaction

Rat snakes are generally calm and docile, but they can be a bit defensive if they feel threatened, especially when first introduced to a new home. Handling should be done gently and infrequently at first to help your snake acclimate to its environment.

• Handling Tips: Use both hands to support your snake’s body, and avoid grabbing it by the head or tail. If your snake seems stressed, give it time to calm down before attempting to handle it again.
• Frequency: Once your rat snake is acclimated to its new home, you can handle it more regularly. However, don’t over-handle it, as this can cause unnecessary stress.

Health Considerations

Rat snakes are generally hardy animals, but they can still develop health issues if not properly cared for. Common health problems in pet rat snakes include:

• Respiratory Infections: Caused by low temperatures or high humidity, respiratory infections can cause wheezing or mucus discharge.
• Shedding Issues: If the humidity levels are too low, your snake may have trouble shedding its skin. Always ensure the humidity is appropriate.
• Obesity: Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which can cause health problems for your snake. Make sure to feed an appropriate amount of food based on your snake’s age and size.

Regularly check your snake for signs of illness, and if you notice any unusual symptoms, consult a reptile vet.

Conclusion

A rat snake pet can make an excellent addition to your home, thanks to their docile nature, manageable size, and ease of care. With the proper enclosure, temperature control, diet, and handling, your pet rat snake will thrive and provide you with years of enjoyment. Whether you choose an Eastern Rat Snake, Yellow Rat Snake, or another species, these snakes are an ideal choice for reptile enthusiasts who want a low-maintenance, fascinating pet.