Outdoor cats, whether they are feral, stray, or simply pet cats allowed outside, have a very different diet compared to indoor cats. As hunters by nature, outdoor cats rely on their instincts to find food, which often includes hunting small animals, foraging, and scavenging. In this article, we’ll explore what outdoor cats eat, how they hunt, and the types of food they typically consume.

Introduction: Outdoor Cats and Their Diet

Outdoor cats are more independent than their indoor counterparts and have access to a wide variety of food sources. Whether they are feral cats that have never lived indoors or pet cats who are allowed outside for exploration, these cats have a diverse diet that includes both prey they catch and food they scavenge from human sources. The food they consume provides essential nutrients, including protein, fat, and vitamins, which are necessary for their survival.

1. Small Mammals

Small mammals make up the majority of an outdoor cat’s diet, as cats are natural predators of rodents. These mammals provide a high source of protein and energy. Common small mammals that outdoor cats eat include:

• Rats and Mice: Outdoor cats are exceptional hunters of rodents, particularly rats and mice. These small mammals are abundant in urban, suburban, and rural areas, making them a reliable food source for outdoor cats.
• Rabbits: In rural and wooded areas, outdoor cats may hunt rabbits. Although rabbits can be more challenging to catch due to their size and speed, they are still a significant part of an outdoor cat’s diet.
• Squirrels: Squirrels are another common prey for outdoor cats, especially in areas with an abundance of these small mammals. However, squirrels can be difficult for cats to catch due to their agility and ability to climb trees.
• Other Small Mammals: Depending on the environment, outdoor cats may also hunt chipmunks, voles, moles, and other small mammals that they encounter.

2. Birds

Outdoor cats are well-known for their ability to hunt and eat birds. Cats’ hunting instincts make them efficient bird predators. Some of the birds that outdoor cats may hunt include:

• Sparrows: Sparrows are small and abundant in many areas, making them easy prey for outdoor cats. Their small size and predictable movements make them an attractive target.
• Pigeons: Pigeons are common in cities, and outdoor cats may catch them when they are weak, injured, or distracted. While pigeons are larger and harder to catch than smaller birds, they still provide a good source of nutrition.
• Robins and Finches: These types of birds are often prey for outdoor cats, especially during nesting seasons when birds are less cautious.
• Other Small Birds: Depending on the area, outdoor cats may hunt other small birds like doves, wrens, chickadees, or even larger birds like quails.

3. Insects and Bugs

Insects are another key food source for outdoor cats. Insects are plentiful and easy to catch, making them an essential part of an outdoor cat’s diet, especially when other prey is scarce. Some common insects that outdoor cats eat include:

• Grasshoppers: Outdoor cats often catch grasshoppers, crickets, and other jumping insects. These insects are easy to catch and provide good protein.
• Beetles: Stray and outdoor cats frequently catch and eat beetles, which are abundant and can be a nutritious meal.
• Flies and Moths: Cats use their keen reflexes to chase and catch flies, moths, and other flying insects, which are a quick and easy food source.
• Spiders and Ants: Cats also catch and eat spiders, ants, and other small insects, particularly those found in gardens or around homes.

4. Reptiles and Amphibians

In certain regions, outdoor cats may hunt reptiles and amphibians as part of their diet. These animals provide additional protein and are relatively easy to catch. Common reptiles and amphibians that outdoor cats may eat include:

• Lizards: Lizards, particularly small species like geckos or anoles, are common prey for outdoor cats, especially in warmer climates.
• Frogs and Toads: Cats may also hunt and eat frogs or toads, though some frogs can be toxic to cats. Cats usually instinctively avoid harmful species.
• Snakes: While less common, outdoor cats may hunt small snakes, especially if they are slow-moving or injured. However, this can be risky for the cat, as some snakes are venomous.

5. Scavenged Human Food

In addition to hunting, outdoor cats often scavenge food left behind by humans. This includes food scraps in trash cans, discarded meals, or even food left outside by people. Some of the human food that outdoor cats may scavenge includes:

• Leftover Meat: Outdoor cats will often scavenge for leftover meat from sources like chicken, fish, or beef, providing an important source of protein.
• Canned Food: In urban areas, outdoor cats may come across discarded cans of food, such as tuna or soup. These canned foods are an easy, high-protein food source for outdoor cats.
• Bread and Grains: While not ideal for their nutritional needs, outdoor cats may eat leftover bread, rice, or pasta when other food sources are not available.
• Pizza and Fast Food: Outdoor cats may scavenge discarded pizza crusts or leftover fast food items like hamburgers and French fries. While not nutritious for cats, these items can fill their stomachs when nothing else is available.

6. Water Sources

Outdoor cats also need access to water to stay hydrated. They may find water in various natural or artificial sources:

• Puddles: After rain, outdoor cats often drink from puddles or water that collects on the ground.
• Streams, Rivers, and Lakes: In rural or wooded areas, outdoor cats may drink from natural sources like streams, ponds, or lakes.
• Birdbaths and Outdoor Water Bowls: Cats may drink from birdbaths or water bowls left outside by homeowners to provide water for pets or wildlife.

7. Health Risks for Outdoor Cats

While hunting and scavenging provide outdoor cats with a varied diet, there are some health risks associated with their diet:

• Contaminated or Spoiled Food: Scavenged food may be spoiled, contaminated, or otherwise unsuitable for cats, which could lead to foodborne illnesses or digestive issues.
• Parasites: Outdoor cats are at risk of ingesting parasites such as fleas, ticks, and worms, which can cause various health problems. Regular deworming and flea treatments are essential.
• Toxic Plants: While foraging, cats may eat toxic plants like lilies, daffodils, or certain types of grass that can cause poisoning.
• Injuries: Hunting wild prey can lead to injuries from bites, scratches, or fights with other animals. Cats may also be at risk of accidents, such as being hit by cars.

8. How to Help Outdoor Cats

If you care for an outdoor cat or are concerned about their well-being, there are several ways you can help:

• Provide Food and Water: Set up a feeding station with regular meals and fresh water to ensure the cat gets enough nutrition.
• Create Shelter: Offer shelter from harsh weather conditions. You can build a simple outdoor shelter or provide a safe space for them to rest.
• Regular Vet Checkups: If possible, have the cat checked by a veterinarian for vaccinations, flea treatments, and general health care.
• Spay or Neuter: To help control the population of outdoor cats, consider supporting trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs to safely spay or neuter feral and stray cats.

Conclusion: The Diet of Outdoor Cats

Outdoor cats are resourceful hunters that rely on their natural instincts to find food. Their diet consists primarily of small mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles, along with food they may scavenge from human sources. While outdoor cats are capable of finding food on their own, they are also at risk of foodborne illnesses, parasites, and injuries. Providing food, water, and shelter for outdoor cats can help ensure they remain healthy and thrive in their environment.