Catnip, or Nepeta cataria, is a popular herb that has fascinated cat owners for generations due to its seemingly magical effects on domestic cats. Known for inducing intense excitement and sometimes even altered behavior in felines, catnip often leads to a variety of amusing and curious actions. But what exactly does catnip do to cats, and why do they respond in such a way? In this article, we’ll explore the science behind catnip, its effects on cats, and how to safely introduce it into your cat's life.
What Is Catnip?
Catnip is a member of the mint family, and its leaves and stems contain a compound called nepetalactone. This compound is responsible for the distinctive effects that catnip has on cats. While catnip is harmless and non-addictive, its chemical properties cause a temporary behavioral reaction in about 50% to 75% of cats. The response is most commonly observed in adult cats, although kittens and elderly cats typically don’t react as strongly, if at all.
The plant itself is easy to grow and can be found in many pet stores as dried herbs, sprays, or even in cat toys. When a cat interacts with catnip, whether by sniffing, licking, or rubbing it, the compound nepetalactone binds to receptors in the cat’s nose and triggers a response in the brain. This is what leads to the wide range of behaviors observed when cats are exposed to catnip.
How Does Catnip Affect Cats?
Catnip’s effects on cats can vary from one feline to another, but there are some common behaviors that most cats exhibit when they are exposed to the herb. Here’s a look at the different effects catnip can have on cats:
1. Euphoria and Hyperactivity
One of the most noticeable effects of catnip on cats is the euphoria it induces. This is often accompanied by a burst of hyperactive behavior. When a cat first comes into contact with catnip, it may roll around on the ground, kick the air with its paws, and generally act excited. Cats may also engage in playful behavior such as chasing or pouncing, sometimes as if they’re “hunting” the catnip itself. This sudden burst of energy typically lasts for about 10 to 15 minutes before the cat loses interest.
2. Increased Grooming and Rubbing
Along with hyperactivity, many cats will exhibit behavior that includes rubbing their faces, bodies, or paws on the catnip or the area where it’s been placed. This is a natural response to the euphoria they’re feeling, and it’s often accompanied by a purring sound. Cats may even lick or chew on the catnip, further ingesting the nepetalactone, which prolongs the effects.
3. Calm and Relaxation After the Initial Rush
After the initial excitement, many cats experience a period of calm and relaxation. Some cats may sit or lie down quietly, looking almost dazed or content. This is a temporary effect, and it often occurs after a few minutes of the intense, energetic behavior. While not all cats experience this calming effect, it is common for those who are highly sensitive to catnip.
4. Mild Sedation or Sleepiness
In some cases, catnip can have a more sedative effect on cats. Rather than causing them to act hyperactive, the herb may induce a sense of relaxation or sleepiness. This is especially true for cats that are more sensitive to catnip or those who are older or have less energy in general.
5. Chasing, Playfulness, and Hunting Behavior
Catnip often stimulates a cat’s natural hunting instincts. Cats might pounce, chase, or stalk the catnip as if it were prey, and some may exhibit behavior like clawing or scratching the object. This is likely a result of the excitement and energy that catnip triggers, mimicking the behaviors that cats would use when hunting in the wild.
Why Do Cats Respond to Catnip?
The question of why catnip has such a strong effect on cats is an interesting one. The primary reason for this reaction lies in the compound nepetalactone, which binds to receptors in a cat’s nasal tissue. This triggers a neurological response that affects the feline’s brain, specifically areas involved in pleasure, arousal, and behavior regulation.
Genetic Sensitivity
Interestingly, not all cats are affected by catnip. Genetic studies suggest that sensitivity to catnip is hereditary, with approximately 50% to 75% of cats exhibiting a response to the herb. Kittens and older cats are often less responsive, and some breeds, like Siamese cats, tend to show a stronger reaction. Cats that do not respond to catnip are simply lacking the genetic predisposition to react, and there is no cause for concern if your cat shows no interest.
The Role of Nepetalactone
Nepetalactone, the active compound in catnip, acts like a natural hallucinogen in cats. When the compound binds to receptors in the brain, it stimulates the release of certain chemicals, including dopamine and serotonin. These neurotransmitters are involved in mood regulation, and their release causes the euphoric, playful, or sometimes relaxed behavior that cats exhibit when they’re exposed to catnip. The effects typically last for about 10 to 15 minutes, after which cats become temporarily immune to the herb's effects for about 1 to 2 hours.
Is Catnip Safe for Cats?
Yes, catnip is completely safe for cats. It’s non-toxic, and cats cannot overdose on it. The effects of catnip are temporary and harmless, and once the cat’s response to it wears off, they return to normal behavior. However, it’s important not to give your cat too much catnip at once, as excessive exposure may cause mild gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting or diarrhea. It’s best to offer catnip in moderation and monitor your cat's reaction.
For cats who are new to catnip, it’s a good idea to introduce it slowly to see how they react. Some cats may be overwhelmed by the intensity of the effects, while others may ignore it completely.
Benefits of Catnip for Cats
While catnip is often seen as a source of amusement for cat owners, it also has some potential benefits for cats:
- Stress Relief: The calming effects of catnip can be beneficial for cats who are anxious or stressed. Using catnip during stressful situations, such as during a vet visit or when introducing a new environment, can help them feel more relaxed.
- Enrichment: Catnip can provide mental and physical enrichment for cats, especially indoor cats. By stimulating their natural hunting and playful instincts, it can help keep them entertained and engaged.
- Exercise: The hyperactive phase that some cats experience while interacting with catnip encourages movement and exercise, which is great for their physical health.
Conclusion: What Does Catnip Do to Cats?
In conclusion, catnip has a significant effect on many cats, inducing behaviors ranging from hyperactivity and playfulness to calmness and relaxation. The active compound nepetalactone triggers a neurological response that causes euphoria and stimulates a cat’s natural hunting instincts. While not all cats are affected by catnip, those that are tend to exhibit behaviors that are both entertaining and endearing. Catnip is completely safe for cats and can be a fun and enriching addition to their playtime routine. Just be sure to offer it in moderation to avoid any mild digestive upset, and enjoy watching your cat's amusing reactions!